{"id":48928,"date":"2026-10-04T12:00:18","date_gmt":"2026-10-04T09:00:18","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/koumentakislaw.gr\/articles\/sygxonefsi-me-symmetoxi-evropaikis-etaireias\/"},"modified":"2026-10-09T08:50:22","modified_gmt":"2026-10-09T05:50:22","slug":"merger-involving-european-company-se","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/koumentakislaw.gr\/en\/articles\/merger-involving-european-company-se\/","title":{"rendered":"Merger Involving a European Company (SE)
(Article 46 of Law 4601\/2019)<\/br>"},"content":{"rendered":"

The participation of a European Company (SE) in a merger is governed by a complex regulatory framework. Article 46 of Law 4601\/2019 provides for the application, mutatis mutandis, of the special provisions governing mergers involving a Soci\u00e9t\u00e9 Anonyme, in conjunction with Regulation (EC) No 2157\/2001 and Law 3412\/2005. The applicable framework differs depending on whether a new SE is formed through the merger or an existing SE participates in it, a distinction that affects the applicable conditions and the merger procedure.<\/p>\n

Applicable Provisions<\/h2>\n

In a merger involving an SE, the special provisions governing the participation of a Soci\u00e9t\u00e9 Anonyme (Articles 30\u201338) apply mutatis mutandis. This framework operates in conjunction with Regulation (EC) No 2157\/2001 and Law 3412\/2005 (Article 46). For an SE with its registered office in Greece, national law supplements the Regulation on matters not governed by it. Properly distinguishing between the applicable provisions is essential, as different frameworks apply to the formation of a new SE and to the participation of an existing SE.<\/p>\n

The Regulation specifically governs mergers as a means of forming an SE. Where an existing SE participates, the law of its registered office also applies to matters not governed by the Regulation [Article 9(1)(c) of Regulation (EC) No 2157\/2001]. At the same time, an SE may participate in corporate transformations in the capacities appropriate to them, unless a specific rule provides otherwise (Article 2(2)). The choice of structure must therefore precede the preparation of the draft merger agreement, as it determines the required acts, approvals and reviews.<\/p>\n

Formation of a European Company Through a Merger<\/h2>\n

A European Company (SE) may be formed through a merger under the conditions laid down in the Regulation [Article 17(1), in conjunction with Article 2(1), of Regulation (EC) No 2157\/2001]. Public limited-liability companies of the types listed in Annex I and, by virtue of their equivalent status, existing SEs may participate in the procedure [Article 3(1) of Regulation (EC) No 2157\/2001].<\/p>\n

As a general rule, the participating companies must have their registered offices and head offices within the European Union or the European Economic Area (EEA), while at least two of them must be governed by the laws of different Member States. By way of exception, Greek legislation permits the participation of a company without its head office in the EU, provided that the specific conditions are met (Article 3 of Law 3412\/2005).<\/p>\n

The formation of an SE through a merger may take place either by acquisition or by the formation of a new company [Article 17(2) of Regulation (EC) No 2157\/2001]. In the first case, the acquiring company takes the form of an SE upon completion of the merger. In the second case, the SE is the new company resulting from the merger.<\/p>\n

Procedure for Forming an SE Through a Merger<\/h2>\n

The administrative or management bodies prepare a draft merger agreement containing the mandatory information prescribed by the Regulation [Article 20 of Regulation (EC) No 2157\/2001]. Among other matters, the draft includes the exchange ratio, the statutes of the SE and information concerning the procedure for employee involvement. The prescribed publicity formalities and examination of the draft by independent experts follow.<\/p>\n

The draft is approved by the General Meeting of each merging company [Article 23 of Regulation (EC) No 2157\/2001]. The convening, majorities and conduct of the meeting are governed by the national law applicable to each company. For a participating Greek company, the merger agreement must be executed in the form of a notarial deed (Article 10 of Law 3412\/2005).<\/p>\n

A legality review then follows at two levels. First, the part of the procedure concerning each merging company is reviewed and the relevant certificate is issued, confirming completion of the acts and formalities preceding the merger [Article 25 of Regulation (EC) No 2157\/2001]. Subsequently, the competent authority of the State in which the SE will have its future registered office reviews the completion of the merger and the formation of the SE [Article 26 of Regulation (EC) No 2157\/2001].<\/p>\n

Protection of Creditors and Minority Shareholders<\/h2>\n

The law of the Member State governing each merging company applies to the protection of creditors [Article 24(1) of Regulation (EC) No 2157\/2001]. For a participating Greek company, the mechanism for providing adequate safeguards to creditors who meet the statutory conditions applies (Article 13 of Law 4601\/2019). The relevant request may be submitted within thirty days of completion of the publicity formalities concerning the draft.<\/p>\n

The Regulation also permits Member States to protect minority shareholders who opposed the merger [Article 24(2) of Regulation (EC) No 2157\/2001]. For a Greek Soci\u00e9t\u00e9 Anonyme participating in the formation of an SE, dissenting shareholders may request the purchase of their shares where serious grounds exist (Article 12 of Law 3412\/2005). A particularly disadvantageous exchange ratio is an indicative example. The right is therefore not an automatic consequence of voting against the merger.<\/p>\n

A national procedure for reviewing the exchange ratio or compensating minority shareholders does not always apply automatically. If the law governing another participating company does not provide for a corresponding procedure, express acceptance is required when approving the draft [Article 25(3) of Regulation (EC) No 2157\/2001].<\/p>\n

Effects of the Merger<\/h2>\n

The merger and simultaneous formation of the SE take effect upon registration of the SE in the competent register [Article 27 of Regulation (EC) No 2157\/2001]. Upon registration, universal succession occurs in respect of the assets and liabilities of the companies that cease to exist. Their shareholders become shareholders of the SE. Existing rights and obligations arising from employment relationships are also transferred to the SE [Article 29(4) of Regulation (EC) No 2157\/2001].<\/p>\n

Following registration of the SE, the merger may not be declared null and void [Article 30 of Regulation (EC) No 2157\/2001]. However, a complete failure to carry out the required legality review may constitute grounds for the winding-up of the SE.<\/p>\n

Participation of an Existing SE in a Merger<\/h2>\n

An existing SE with its registered office in Greece may participate in a merger under the national framework, in conjunction with the special rules governing SEs. The special provisions governing mergers involving a Soci\u00e9t\u00e9 Anonyme apply mutatis mutandis (Articles 30\u201338 and 46). The SE may assume the capacities generally permitted by law in a merger, unless a specific provision imposes a restriction (Article 2(2)). The review must be based on the particular structure, rather than on the assumption that every merger involving an existing SE follows the procedure for forming a new SE.<\/p>\n

An existing SE may also participate in a merger through the formation of a new company under national law. If, however, the new company is to take the form of an SE, its formation is governed not by the provisions of Law 4601\/2019 but by the special provisions of Regulation (EC) No 2157\/2001.<\/p>\n

A specific provision applies where the SE participates as the absorbed company in a merger by acquisition and the acquiring company has a different legal form. In this case, the prescribed two-year period must be observed [Article 66(1), second sentence, of the Regulation], so that the restrictions governing the conversion of an SE are not circumvented through the choice of a merger.<\/p>\n

In Summary: Practical Significance and Value<\/h2>\n

A merger involving an SE first requires a clear distinction between the formation of a new SE and the participation of an existing SE. In the first case, the Regulation specifically determines the procedure, the two-stage legality review and the conditions for registration. At the same time, the exchange ratio, minority shareholder claims, creditors and the required corporate approvals must be examined in good time.<\/p>\n

Following registration of the SE, a declaration of nullity of the merger with retroactive effect is excluded, a fact that reinforces the importance of preventive legality review.<\/p>\n

In our next article, we will examine the special provisions governing mergers involving civil cooperatives.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

\u03a3\u03c4\u03b1\u03cd\u03c1\u03bf\u03c2 \u039a\u03bf\u03c5\u03bc\u03b5\u03bd\u03c4\u03ac\u03ba\u03b7\u03c2<\/a><\/p>\n

Managing Partner<\/p>\n

Koumentakis and Associates Law Firm<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

\u03a3\u03b7\u03bc.:<\/strong> \u03a4\u03bf \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03cc\u03bd \u03ac\u03c1\u03b8\u03c1\u03bf \u03b1\u03c0\u03bf\u03c4\u03b5\u03bb\u03b5\u03af \u03c4\u03bc\u03ae\u03bc\u03b1 \u03b5\u03c5\u03c1\u03cd\u03c4\u03b5\u03c1\u03b7\u03c2 \u03b5\u03bd\u03cc\u03c4\u03b7\u03c4\u03b1\u03c2 \u03b1\u03c1\u03b8\u03c1\u03bf\u03b3\u03c1\u03b1\u03c6\u03af\u03b1\u03c2 \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u0394\u03b9\u03ba\u03b7\u03b3\u03bf\u03c1\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae\u03c2 \u03bc\u03b1\u03c2 \u0395\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9\u03c1\u03b5\u03af\u03b1\u03c2 \u03b3\u03b9\u03b1 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2 \u03b5\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9\u03c1\u03b9\u03ba\u03bf\u03cd\u03c2 \u03bc\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1\u03c3\u03c7\u03b7\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b9\u03c3\u03bc\u03bf\u03cd\u03c2. \u03a3\u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03b5\u03bd\u03cc\u03c4\u03b7\u03c4\u03b1 \u03b1\u03c5\u03c4\u03ae \u03b5\u03c0\u03b9\u03c7\u03b5\u03b9\u03c1\u03bf\u03cd\u03bc\u03b5 \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03b1\u03bd\u03ac\u03bb\u03c5\u03c3\u03b7, \u03ac\u03c1\u03b8\u03c1\u03bf \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03c2 \u03ac\u03c1\u03b8\u03c1\u03bf \u03bc\u03b5 business view, \u03c0\u03ac\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1, \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03c3\u03ad\u03b3\u03b3\u03b9\u03c3\u03b7, \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03b2\u03b1\u03c3\u03b9\u03ba\u03bf\u03cd \u03c3\u03c7\u03b5\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03bf\u03cd \u03bd\u03cc\u03bc\u03bf\u03c5 (:\u03bd. 4601\/2019).<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

The participation of a European Company (SE) in a merger is governed by a complex regulatory framework. Article 46 of Law 4601\/2019 provides for the application, mutatis mutandis, of the special provisions governing mergers involving a Soci\u00e9t\u00e9 Anonyme, in conjunction with Regulation (EC) No 2157\/2001 and Law 3412\/2005. The applicable framework differs depending on whether […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":3,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[5],"tags":[1401,1181,1187,1798,1795,1418,1799,1189,1197,1801,1797,1448,1800,1802,1787,1796,1788,1791,1792,1794],"class_list":["post-48928","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-articles","tag-company-mergers","tag-corporate-transformations","tag-creditor-protection","tag-cross-border-mergers","tag-european-company","tag-exchange-ratio","tag-formation-of-an-se","tag-greek-corporate-law","tag-law-4601-2019","tag-legality-review","tag-merger-involving-a-european-company","tag-merger-procedure","tag-minority-shareholder-rights","tag-regulation-ec-2157-2001","tag-se","tag-societas-europaea","tag-1788","tag--2157-2001","tag--3412-2005","tag-1794"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"\nMerger Involving a European Company (SE): Legal Rules - 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